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WordPress

user_can( int|WP_User $user, string $capability, mixed $args ): bool

Since
3.1.0, 5.3.0
Source
wp-includes/capabilities.php:1010
Returns whether a particular user has the specified capability.

Description

This function also accepts an ID of an object to check against if the capability is a meta capability. Meta capabilities such as edit_post and edit_user are capabilities used by the map_meta_cap() function to map to primitive capabilities that a user or role has, such as edit_posts and edit_others_posts.

Example usage:

user_can( $user->ID, 'edit_posts' );
user_can( $user->ID, 'edit_post', $post->ID );
user_can( $user->ID, 'edit_post_meta', $post->ID, $meta_key );

Compatibility

WordPress
since 5.3.0
PHP
7.4–8.6-dev
  • 6.7.7
  • 6.8.8
  • 6.9.7
  • 7.0.4
  • 7.1.0

Present in every tracked release (6.7.7 to 7.1.0), and compiles on PHP 7.4 through 8.6-dev.

Parameters

$userint|WP_User
User ID or object.
$capabilitystring
Capability name.
$argsmixed
Optional further parameters, typically starting with an object ID.

Return value

bool
Whether the user has the given capability.

Performance profile

How much work a call to user_can() does, and what it touches: the algorithmic scaling, the Zend instruction count per call across PHP versions, the hooks it hands control to, and the core code that calls it. Measured from the compiled opcodes, not a stopwatch, so every number is identical on any machine running the same PHP version, and every function in core is ranked by cost.

Cost class
Heavy

Reaches the database via get_user_by().

Scaling
Constant

No loop in the body: the same number of instructions runs whatever you pass in.

Instructions
13–26

Executed per call on PHP 8.5, depending on the branch taken. The body compiles to 26.

Plugin surface
None

Nothing here hands control to plugin code.

Called by
11

11 places in core call this, so the cost is paid more often than your own code shows.

What it touches

  • querycontent queryget_user_by()one call below user_can()

What one call costs · 4 distinct outcomes

One number would be a lie: the work depends on which branch runs. These are every distinct cost user_can() can have, taken from its control-flow graph on PHP 8.5.

WhenInstructionsCalls it makes
is_object($user) && !empty($user)13->has_cap()
!is_object($user) && !empty($user)17get_userdata(), ->has_cap()
is_object($user) && empty($user)22->init(), ->has_cap()
!is_object($user) && empty($user)26get_userdata(), ->init(), ->has_cap()

Across PHP versions

PHPCompiledExecutedBranchesNotes
8.6-dev2613–262
8.52613–262
8.42613–262
8.32613–262
8.22613–262
8.12613–2621 more instruction than PHP 7.4
7.42512–252

An instruction is not a fixed amount of time, so a matching count is not necessarily the same speed; what it rules out is a difference in the work itself.

Uses · 3

Used by · 11

Source code

View on Trac View on GitHub 

function user_can( $user, $capability, ...$args ) {	if ( ! is_object( $user ) ) {		$user = get_userdata( $user );	} 	if ( empty( $user ) ) {		// User is logged out, create anonymous user object.		$user = new WP_User( 0 );		$user->init( new stdClass() );	} 	return $user->has_cap( $capability, ...$args );}

Changelog

Introduced in 3.1.0. Unchanged from 6.7.7 through 7.1.0.

  1. 6.7.7
  2. 6.8.8
  3. 6.9.7
  4. 7.0.4
  5. 7.1.0

Signature, return type and hooks compared across 5 parsed releases.

5.3.0
Formalized the existing and already documented ...$args parameter by adding it to the function signature.from the docblock
3.1.0
Introduced.from the docblock

About this page

Parsed data
Generated from the wordpress-develop 7.1.0 tag, from src/wp-includes/capabilities.php, and regenerated for each WordPress release so it tracks the code rather than a snapshot of it.
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